Difference Between ROCE and ROE

What Is ROCE?

Return on Capital Employed (ROCE) is a financial ratio that measures how efficiently a company uses its capital to generate profits. It's like checking how well a business uses all its money- from shareholders and lenders - to make more money.

Here's how we calculate ROCE:
●    ROCE = Earnings Before Interest and Tax (EBIT) / Capital Employed
●    Where Capital Employed = Total Assets - Current Liabilities

Let's break this down with a simple example:

Imagine you have a small lemonade stand. You invested ₹1,000 in lemons, sugar, and a stand (your capital employed). After a busy day, you earned ₹200 (your EBIT). Your ROCE would be:
ROCE = 200 / 1,000 = 0.2 or 20%

This means that for every rupee of capital you used, you generated 20 paise in profit.
A higher ROCE is generally better, indicating that the company uses its capital more efficiently to generate profits. However, what's considered a "good" ROCE can vary by industry, so comparing a company's ROCE with others in the same sector is always best.
 

What Is ROE?

Return on Equity (ROE) is another important financial metric that measures how effectively a company uses its shareholders' money to generate profits. It's like checking how much profit a company makes with the money its owners have invested.

The formula for ROE is:

• ROE = Net Income / Shareholders' Equity

Let's use our lemonade stand example again:
Say you invested ₹500 of your money into the stand (your shareholders' equity). After paying for expenses and taxes, you're left with ₹100 in profit (net income). Your ROE would be:
ROE = 100 / 500 = 0.2 or 20%

This means that you generated 20 paise in profit for every rupee you invested.
Like ROCE, a higher ROE is generally seen as better. It shows the company efficiently uses shareholders' money to generate profits. However, an extremely high ROE might indicate that a company is taking on too much debt or not reinvesting enough in the business.

Why Is ROCE And ROE Important?

Understanding ROCE and ROE is crucial for several reasons:

• Efficiency Measurement: ROCE and ROE help measure how efficiently a company uses its resources. ROCE looks at all capital (including debt), while ROE focuses on shareholders' equity.
• Comparison Tool: These ratios allow investors to compare companies of different sizes within the same industry. A smaller company might have lower profits in absolute terms. Still, it could be more efficient in using its capital, showing higher ROCE or ROE.
• Investment Decisions: Investors often use these metrics to decide where to put their money. Companies with consistently high ROCE and ROE are often considered good investment opportunities.
• Management Performance: These ratios can indicate how well a company's management performs. Consistently improving ROCE and ROE over time suggests good management practices.
• Identifying Potential Issues: A declining ROCE or ROE might signal problems with a company's business model or management decisions.
• Dividend Policies: Companies with high ROE but low dividend payouts might reinvest profits for future growth, while those with low ROE and high payouts might struggle to find profitable opportunities.
• Risk Assessment: By comparing ROCE and ROE, investors can get insights into a company's debt levels and financial risk.

Remember, while ROCE and ROE are important, they shouldn't be the only factors considered when evaluating a company. It's always best to look at multiple financial metrics and understand the broader context of the company and its industry.
 

Differences Between ROCE And ROE

To better understand the distinctions between ROCE and ROE, let's break down their key differences in a simple table:

Example of ROE and ROCE

Let us take an example to understand how to calculate Return on Equity (ROE) and Return on Capital Employed (ROCE) using financial data from two different companies.

Balance Sheet

Income Statement

Calculated Ratios

Analysis

When we compare the financials, one thing stands out right away—Company Y has a much bigger balance sheet than Company X. In fact, it’s nearly twice the size. But here’s the catch: despite having more capital to work with, Company Y isn’t turning that into strong profits.

Company Y’s return on equity (ROE) is just 3.5%, and its return on capital employed (ROCE) is 4.7%. Those numbers are much lower than Company X’s, which posts a solid 14% ROE and 10% ROCE. So even though it’s smaller, Company X is doing a much better job at using its capital to generate profits.

There’s another interesting detail: Company Y’s ROE and ROCE are almost the same. That suggests both debt and equity investors are getting similar returns—bad news for shareholders, who usually take on more risk and expect a better payoff. Company X, however, shows a 4% gap between its ROE and ROCE, meaning shareholders are getting a decent return for the extra risk they’re taking.

To step up its game, Company Y needs to focus on boosting its return on assets or cutting costs to improve its profit margins. Either way, the goal is the same: create more value for its shareholders.
 

How Do Capital Structure Changes Affect ROCE And ROE?

A company's capital structure - how it balances equity and debt - can significantly impact both ROCE and ROE. Let's explore how changes in capital structure can affect these metrics:

• Increasing Debt:

          a. ROCE: Generally less affected, as it considers total capital. However, if the new debt is used to generate higher profits, ROCE may increase.
          b. ROE: Often increases, as debt typically costs less than equity. This is called financial leverage.

• Increasing Equity:

          a. ROCE: This may decrease if the additional equity isn't immediately productive.
          b. ROE usually decreases in the short term as the equity base expands without an immediate increase in profits.

• Debt Repayment:

         a. ROCE: This may increase if the company becomes more efficient with less capital.
         b. ROE: This could decrease if the debt was providing positive leverage.

• Share Buybacks:

         a. ROCE: Generally not directly affected.
         b. ROE: Often increases as the equity base shrinks.

Let's illustrate with an example:

Imagine a company with:

• EBIT: ₹100,000
• Total Capital: ₹1,000,000 (500,000 equity + 500,000 debt)
• Net Income: ₹70,000

Initially: ROCE = 100,000 / 1,000,000 = 10% ROE = 70,000 / 500,000 = 14%
Now, if the company takes on ₹200,000 more debt and uses it to repurchase shares:

New figures:

• EBIT: ₹100,000 (assuming no immediate change)
• Total Capital: ₹1,000,000 (300,000 equity + 700,000 debt)
• Net Income: ₹62,000 (assuming 10% interest on new debt)

New ratios: ROCE = 100,000 / 1,000,000 = 10% (unchanged) ROE = 62,000 / 300,000 = 20.67% (increased)
This example shows how changes in capital structure can significantly affect ROE while leaving ROCE relatively unchanged. Investors must understand these dynamics when evaluating a company's financial performance.
 

How Can Companies Improve Their ROCE And ROE?

Companies can take several steps to improve their ROCE and ROE:

a. Increase Profitability:

• Boost sales through marketing or expanding into new markets.
• Reduce costs by improving operational efficiency.
• Both actions increase EBIT (for ROCE) and Net Income (for ROE).

b. Optimise Asset Utilisation:

• Sell underperforming assets.
• Improve inventory management.
• These actions reduce capital employed, potentially increasing both ROCE and ROE.

c. Manage Working Capital:

• Improve collection of receivables.
• Negotiate better terms with suppliers.
• This reduces current assets, lowers the capital employed, and potentially increases ROCE.

d. Financial Leverage (for ROE):

• Take on debt to finance growth or buy back shares.
• This can increase ROE if the return on the borrowed money exceeds its cost.

e. Tax Management:

• Implement legal tax strategies to reduce the tax burden.
• This directly impacts Net Income, potentially improving ROE.

f. Dividend Policy:

• Adjust dividend payout to retain more earnings for reinvestment.
• This can increase shareholders' equity over time, potentially improving both metrics.

Let's illustrate with an example:

Imagine a company with:

• EBIT: ₹100,000
• Capital Employed: ₹1,000,000
• Net Income: ₹70,000
• Shareholders' Equity: ₹800,000

Initially: ROCE = 100,000 / 1,000,000 = 10% ROE = 70,000 / 800,000 = 8.75%

Now, let's say the company improves its operations, increasing EBIT to ₹120,000 and Net Income to ₹84,000, while also optimising its assets, reducing Capital Employed to ₹900,000:
New ratios: ROCE = 120,000 / 900,000 = 13.33% ROE = 84,000 / 800,000 = 10.5%

As we can see, both ROCE and ROE have improved significantly through these actions.
Remember, while improving these metrics is important, it's crucial to do so in a sustainable way that doesn't compromise the business's long-term health. For instance, cutting necessary investments to boost short-term profits might improve ROCE and ROE temporarily. Still, it could harm the company's future prospects.
 

Conclusion

ROCE and ROE are powerful tools for assessing a company's financial performance. While they share similarities, their differences provide unique insights into how efficiently a company uses capital and rewards its shareholders. By understanding and analysing both metrics, investors can make more informed decisions about potential investments.